Cape Henry Virginia - Battle Of The Capes

There are two inland seas adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean. One is in Europe and is called the Mediterranean. The other is in North America and is called Chesapeake Bay. Even though the latter is much the smaller sea, it’s nevertheless 200 miles long and 30 miles wide in parts, which surely qualifies it as a sea. There are narrow entrances leading from the ocean into both seas. The entrance to the Mediterranean is at Gibraltar and was known to the ancients as The Pillars of Hercules. They believed that it was dangerous to pass The Pillars of Hercules and sail out into the ocean. One risked sailing off the edge of the world! Chesapeake Bay has its own Pillars of Hercules, which are called The Capes. To enter Chesapeake Bay from the ocean, one must pass between Cape Charles to the North and Cape Henry to the south. In September 1781, this entrance was the site of the most consequential naval battle in American history, The Battle of the Capes.

Cape Charles is at the southern or bottom end of the Delmarva Peninsula, sometimes known as the Eastern Shore. The Peninsula separates Chesapeake Bay from the Atlantic Ocean. In June 2011, we drove down the Delmarva Peninsula from the north, eventually arriving at Cape Charles. From there we wanted to cross 23 miles of sea to reach Cape Henry. This is exactly the same distance across as the Straits of Dover, between England and Continental Europe where in the 1980s they built the Channel Tunnel for trains only. Fortunately, America is much more convenient. Long before the Channel Tunnel existed, they built the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel linking Cape Charles and Cape Henry. It was not just for trains. We were therefore able to drive across on this combination of tunnel and bridges, as over 100 million vehicles had done before us. By this route we reached Cape Henry, close to the City of Virginia Beach. Nearby is the Fort Story Military reservation, where the First Landfall is commemorated.

Prince Henry, eldest son of King James I

In 1607, Cape Henry was where the first permanent colonists from England landed. The colonists that landed a few years earlier on Roanoke Island must be disregarded, because they disappeared. This First Landing at Cape Henry pre-dated the Mayflower landing by 14 years. The colonists explored the cape and named it after Prince Henry, the eldest son of King James I. Henry never became king because he died before his father at the age of 18. His place was taken by his younger brother Charles, who was later beheaded, so Henry’s early death may have been for him a blessing in disguise. The colonists erected a cross at Cape Henry and then moved on up the James River, where they built the Jamestown settlement which survived.

Comte De Grasse

We also saw on Cape Henry the statue and memorial to Admiral Comte de Grasse, who led the French fleet at The Battle of the Capes, referred to above. Lafayette and Rochambeau are often hailed as the Frenchmen, who made possible Washington’s victory over the British in the War of American Independence. Yet, it is difficult to see how their assistance to Washington could have exceeded that provided by de Grasse. It is ironic that, despite this, de Grasse never set foot on American soil.

De Grasse was in Haiti in August 1781, when he took 3200 troops on board and sailed for Chesapeake Bay with his entire fleet, 28 ships of the line. Two weeks later, he arrived at the entrance to Chesapeake Bay. He disembarked the troops so that they could assist in the blockade of British troops under Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown nearby. He then engaged the British fleet to prevent it from reinforcing or evacuating the blockaded British Army at Yorktown. De Grasses' fleet also supplied provisions to the French and American troops, reinforced the blockade and delivered 500,000 silver pesos from the Caribbean to finance the American war effort.

Sea battle of Virginia Capes

Yorktown was the last major battle of the war. After a few weeks, the forces of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown had no option but to surrender. This in turn led to peace negotiations and to British recognition of an independent United States of America.  George Washington was the first to acknowledge the importance of the part played by De Grasse in achieving victory. He said, “You will have observed that, whatever efforts are made by the land armies, the navy must have the casting vote in the present contest.”

Battle of the Capes diagram

The following year, De Grasse was not so lucky. In the Caribbean at the Battle of the Saintes in April 1782, de Grasse's attempts to capture Jamaica from Britain ended in his defeat and surrender. He was taken prisoner and brought to London, where he played a pivotal part in the negotiations leading to the Treaty of Paris in 1783, which ended the American Revolutionary War.

Before leaving Cape Henry, we also visited its two lighthouses. The older lighthouse, built of stone in 1792, was damaged during the Civil War. It was the first ever federal construction project and even, in those days, there was a substantial cost overrun. Who could then have anticipated how much the federal government would subsequently spend on such projects? The second lighthouse was built of iron nearby in 1881, because of the damage to the first one, and remains in use today. The two lighthouses stand together, on the sea shore, overlooking the waters where history was made.

This piece, written by Bob, was originally posted on our website on January 15, 2012.

West Point New York - Washington's Great Chains

United States Military Academy at West Point

In 2007, Pat and I visited the Hudson Valley in upstate New York. I anticipated that the highlight of that trip would be seeing The United States Military Academy at West Point, because an institution that can produce generals like Douglas MacArthur, Dwight D. Eisenhower and George S. Patton Jr. has to be rather special. Now the academy, which is about 50 miles to the north of New York City, was not incorporated until 1802 when President Thomas Jefferson signed the necessary legislation.  Yet, contrary to my expectations, I found the events in and near West Point prior to 1802 to be of even more interest.  West Point stands on a plateau which commands the west bank of the Hudson River at that point. Throughout the American Revolutionary War and for a short time thereafter, the British controlled New York City and had large numbers of soldiers and ships stationed there. General George Washington’s great fear was that he would be overwhelmed by this force, if it ever attacked him.

Washington’s Great Chain at West Point

Because Washington considered the West Point area to be of immense strategic importance, he had its fortifications strengthened in 1778 and moved his headquarters there the following year.  Despite Benedict Arnold's betrayal of Washington, West Point was never captured by the British.  Washington’s other fear was that a fast moving British fleet would sail up the Hudson past West Point, occupy the areas around Albany and Saratoga, and link up with supporting forces advancing from what is today Canada.  To prevent this, Washington installed a 150 ton iron chain across the river at West Point to make the river impassable north of that point.  The big chain achieved its purpose and did much towards making eventual victory possible for the young nation. During our tour of West Point, we saw parts of the original chain.  It is massive. The buildings of the academy are also very impressive.

Hasbrouck House Washington’s Headquarters

Yet, even with his chain, Washington still did not feel secure. Therefore, in April 1782, he moved his headquarters up to Newburgh, which lies on the western bank of the river 10 miles to the north of West Point.  His headquarters were established in a house there within sight of the river, which was made available to him by the Hasbrouck family.  This remained his base, with thousands of soldiers from his Continental Army camped nearby, until the war was won. We toured the Hasbrouck House, which is so modest in relation to its importance to the history of the USA. Other buildings we saw included “The Tower of Victory” which was built in 1890 to commemorate the centennial of the victory. We also saw the hall where Washington persuaded his troops not to mutiny or to impose martial law because of the failure of Congress to pay them.  On that day, March 15, 1783, there was a very real possibility that Washington would be replaced as commander in chief.  The troops thought that he was far too moderate in making sure that Congress paid them.  Washington’s call for more patience carried the day and his remarks are known to history as “The Newburgh Address”.

Then, at about the same time, we have “The Newburgh Letter”.  This was a proposal by a group of officers in a letter to Washington written on their behalf by Colonel Lewis Nicola.  It proposed that Washington should become king of the United States of America.  Even though what was proposed was a constitutional monarchy rather than some kind of tyranny, Washington rejected the proposal out of hand.  Shortly afterwards in France, Napoleon received a similar proposal from his officers, which he accepted with consequences that were less than satisfactory.

National Purple Heart Hall of Honor

We also visited in Newburgh the newly opened National Purple Heart Hall of Honor, which was interesting.  That medal is also something that originated in Newburg in 1782, when Washington instituted The Badge of Military Merit to be given to enlisted men and NCOs for meritorious action. This was probably an attempt at the time to boost the morale of soldiers whose pay was seriously in arrears.  That award was the forerunner of The Purple Heart.  The Hall records the stories of Purple Heart recipients by means of videos, honor rolls, etc.

The story of the nation’s struggle to exist took a further step towards a happy ending on April 19, 1783 when, from Newburgh, Washington ordered the cessation of all hostilities.

Washington leading a triumphant parade down Broadway

Finally, by November 25, 1783, Washington had left Newburgh and was making his triumphal march down Broadway in New York City itself.   So we arrived in the Hudson Valley expecting West Point to be our focus, but learned that Newburgh was where the great events actually happened.   The wide river, with its green banks, seems so peaceful now – but it wasn’t always.

This piece, written by Bob, was originally posted on our website on June 7, 2010.